20. Earnings (loss) before interest, taxation, depreciation and impairment (EBITDA)
 

The following items have been taken into account in arriving at EBITDA:

    Group   Company  
    2022 
R'000
 
2021 
R'000 
2022 
R'000
 
2021 
R'000 
Revenue  7,939,061  8,062,656  866,308  14,177 
Cost of goods sold  (3,400,983) (3,266,202) —  — 
Gain (loss) on exchange differences on other financial instruments  117,933  (109,095) —  — 
(Loss) gain on exchange differences on cash and cash equivalents  (49,623) 213,400  —  — 
Auditors remuneration — external auditors  (2,477) (4,020) (960) (1,946)
Consulting and professional fees  (7,817) (6,371) (6,219) (5,337)
Selling expenses  (879,651) (941,179) —  — 
Commissions  (330,380) (325,516) —  — 
Net realisable value adjustment of inventory  (1,288) (24,411) —  — 
Marketing fees  (2,013) (1,818) —  — 
Corporate social investment  (20,637) (13,321) (3,107) (3,149)
Social labour plans  (3,145) (11,322) —  — 
Enterprise development  (3,125) (2,566) (631) — 
Movement in provision for closure and restoration  (15,796) (14,877) —  — 
Profit on sale of property, plant and equipment  650  116  —  — 
Short term and low value leases  (977) (679) (76) — 
Closure costs  —  (14,901) —  — 
Other expenses  (183,180) (209,444) (5,611) (7,899)
Employee costs*  (1,015,901) (898,390) (19,218) (13,581)
   2,140,651  2,432,060  830,486  (17,735)
* Includes remuneration relating to key management personnel (see note 33).