20. Earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and impairment (EBITDA)
 

The following items have been taken into account in arriving at EBITDA:

   Group Company
   2023 
R '000 
2022 
R '000 
2023 
R '000 
2022 
R '000 
Revenue  9,244,022  7,939,061  841,248  866,308 
Gain on acquisition of joint operation  249,909  –  –  – 
Cost of goods sold  (3,973,275) (3,400,983) –  – 
Gain on exchange differences on other financial instruments 91,534  117,933  –  – 
Gain (loss) on exchange differences in cash and cash equivalents  7,843  (49,623) –  – 
Auditors remuneration – external auditors  (4,368) (2,477) (2,231) (960)
Consulting and professional fees  (12,909) (7,817) (6,322) (6,219)
Selling expenses  (1,094,768) (879,651) –  – 
Commissions  (376,260) (330,380) –  – 
Net realisable value adjustment of inventory  (2,046) (1,288) –  – 
Marketing fees  (2,269) (2,013) –  – 
Corporate social investment  (26,909) (20,637) (2,255) (3,107)
Social labour plans  (6,898) (3,145) –  – 
Enterprise development  (3,104) (3,125) (727) (631)
Movement in provision for closure and restoration  (11,318) (15,796) –  – 
(Loss) profit on sale of property, plant and equipment  (29) 650  –  – 
Short term and low value leases  (278) (977) (117) (76)
Other expenses  (551,689) (183,180) (7,377) (5,611)
Employee costs*  (981,967) (1,015,901) (16,703) (19,218)
   2,545,221  2,140,651  805,516  830,486 
* Includes remuneration relating to key management personnel (see note 33).